{ "standard": "FactUnion Standard v1", "checkedAt": "2026-10-26T04:51:24.001Z", "title": "Who's in the Test Room", "date": "2026-10-26", "facts": [ { "n": 1, "claim": "The Poison Prevention Packaging Act (Pub. L. 91-601) was enacted on December 30, 1970.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Prevention_Packaging_Act_of_1970", "title": "Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2002-title16-vol2/html/CFR-2002-title16-vol2-chapII-subchapE.htm", "title": "POISON PREVENTION PACKAGING ACT OF 1970 REGULATIONS" }, { "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/91st-congress/senate-bill/2162/actions", "title": "Actions - S.2162 - 91st Congress (1969-1970): Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970" } ], "verdict": "corrected", "note": "Enactment date December 30, 1970 is supported by GPO and LII. Congress record lists Senate introduction 05/13/1969, not May 6, 1970. Nixon signing and Magnuson sponsorship are unsupported.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 2, "claim": "Before the Act, about 500 children aged 5 and under died each year of poisoning, according to Wikipedia.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Prevention_Packaging_Act_of_1970", "title": "Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970" }, { "url": "https://crr.net/blog/the-poison-prevention-packaging-act/", "title": "The Poison Prevention Packaging Act" }, { "url": "https://dymapak.com/poison-prevention-packaging-act/", "title": "The Poison Prevention Packaging Act Broken Down" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 3, "claim": "The Act defines special packaging as 'significantly difficult for children under five years of age to open' and 'not difficult for normal adults to use properly', and excludes packaging 'which all such children cannot open'.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.chpa.org/public-policy-regulatory/regulation/regulation-otc-medicines/child-resistant-packaging", "title": "Child-Resistant Packaging" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2002-title16-vol2/html/CFR-2002-title16-vol2-chapII-subchapE.htm", "title": "POISON PREVENTION PACKAGING ACT OF 1970 REGULATIONS" }, { "url": "https://mrpsolutions.com/blog-news/child-resistant-packaging-today-its-all-about-the-caps", "title": "Child Resistant Packaging Today: It’s All About the Caps" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 4, "claim": "CPSC states that 'at least 85% of tested children must not be able to open the package during the first 5 minutes of the test, and at least 80% of tested children must not open the packaging during the full 10 minutes of the test.'", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/FAQ?p=3061&tid%5B3069%5D=3069", "title": "Business Guidance FAQ" }, { "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/FAQ/Special-Packaging-PPPA-FAQs", "title": "Special Packaging (PPPA) FAQs" }, { "url": "https://www.packthc.com/blogs/news/what-does-child-resistant-packaging-mean", "title": "What Does Child-Resistant Packaging Actually Mean?" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 5, "claim": "Child test panels are children aged 42 to 51 months, tested in sequential groups of 50, up to 200 children in total.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://childresistant.com/product-types-protocols-regulations/", "title": "Product Types, Protocols, & Regulations" }, { "url": "https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements_.html", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-07-21/html/95-17436.htm", "title": "Federal Register, Volume 60 Issue 140 (Friday, July 21, 1995)" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 6, "claim": "CHPA's summary of 16 CFR 1700.20 says children are instructed on how to open the package and told they may use their teeth.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.chpa.org/public-policy-regulatory/regulation/regulation-otc-medicines/child-resistant-packaging", "title": "Child-Resistant Packaging" } ], "verdict": "verified", "note": "Kept on a lower-weight source (chpa.org); nothing we found says otherwise.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 7, "claim": "In the federal test, a child who opens the package counts as a 'test failure' for the package.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/child-resistant-packaging-pesticides", "title": "Child-Resistant Packaging for Pesticides" }, { "url": "https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" }, { "url": "https://www.govregs.com/regulations/16/1700.20", "title": "Testing procedure for special packaging." } ], "verdict": "corrected", "note": "Source corrected: the page first cited was read and is about something else; the sources listed state this.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 8, "claim": "Push-and-turn caps have an outer shell that spins freely until the user pushes down to engage inside lugs, and vendors say children under five usually can't coordinate both hands or follow steps in the right order.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://ypcglass.com/child-resistant-caps-explained-push-turn-vs-squeeze-vs-snap/", "title": "Child-Resistant Caps Explained: Push & Turn vs Squeeze vs Snap Types" } ], "verdict": "verified", "note": "Kept on a lower-weight source (ypcglass.com); nothing we found says otherwise.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 9, "claim": "Dr. Henri Breault (1909 to 1983) was Chief of Pediatrics and Director of the Poison Control Centre at Hotel Dieu Hospital in Windsor, Ontario, from 1957, and the Palm N Turn cap was adopted in the Windsor area in 1967.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Breault", "title": "Henri Breault" }, { "url": "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/henri-j-breault", "title": "Henri J. Breault | The Canadian Encyclopedia" }, { "url": "https://peoplepill.com/people/henri-breault", "title": "Henri Breault Biography: Canadian doctor" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 10, "claim": "Breault's wife Monica recalled him saying: 'I am tired of pumping children's stomachs…I've got to do something about it.'", "sources": [ { "url": "https://fresh-lock.com/blog/history-and-future-of-child-resistant-packaging", "title": "Saving Lives: The Past, Present, and Future of Child-Resistant Packaging" }, { "url": "https://mentalfloss.com/article/54410/surprising-origins-child-proof-lids", "title": "The Surprising Origins of Child-Proof Lids" }, { "url": "https://child-guard.com/blog/how-a-pediatrician-and-an-inventor-saved-the-lives-of-countless-children/", "title": "Saving Lives: The Past, Present, and Future of Child-Resistant Packaging" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 11, "claim": "The 1986 study reported: 'Grandparents' medications accounted for a substantial number of episodes (17%).'", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000884.htm", "title": "Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Unintentional Ingestions of Prescription Drugs in Children Under Five Years Old" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 12, "claim": "In the 1986 study, 200 (65%) of the 306 child-resistant containers received were ineffective; continuous-thread closures on liquid medicines failed 69% of the time, and wear caused failure in 52% of 73 lug-type containers.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000884.htm", "title": "Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Unintentional Ingestions of Prescription Drugs in Children Under Five Years Old" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 13, "claim": "In the 1986 study, 18% of incidents involved a closure not re-secured in a child-resistant manner.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000884.htm", "title": "Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Unintentional Ingestions of Prescription Drugs in Children Under Five Years Old" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 14, "claim": "CPSC Chairman Ann Brown said the original test procedures took effect in January 1972, and the Commission voted unanimously on June 15, 1995 to change the adult panel.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1995/CPSC-Issues-Rule-To-Make-Packaging-Child-Resistant-Easy-To-Open", "title": "CPSC Issues Rule To Make Packaging Child-Resistant, Easy-To-Open" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 15, "claim": "Brown said a 50 to 70 panel gives 'a more realistic picture of the ability of normal adults to use child-resistant packaging properly than the current panel of 18 to 45 year olds'.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1995/CPSC-Issues-Rule-To-Make-Packaging-Child-Resistant-Easy-To-Open", "title": "CPSC Issues Rule To Make Packaging Child-Resistant, Easy-To-Open" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 16, "claim": "EPA's summary of the rule says 'some persons, especially older persons, find certain types of CRP difficult to open and re-secure properly', so many either buy non-child-resistant packages or do not properly re-secure them.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" }, { "url": "https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements_.html", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" }, { "url": "https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements_.html", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 17, "claim": "The 1995 rule (60 FR 37710, July 21, 1995) substituted 100 adults aged 50 through 70 for the panel of 100 18-to-45-year-olds, with two test periods of 5 minutes and 1 minute.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-07-21/html/95-17436.htm", "title": "Federal Register, Volume 60 Issue 140 (Friday, July 21, 1995)" }, { "url": "https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements_.html", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" }, { "url": "https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements_.html", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 18, "claim": "The senior panel is 25% aged 50-54, 25% aged 55-59 and 50% aged 60-70.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" }, { "url": "https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements_.html", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" }, { "url": "https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-2-changes-child-resistant-packaging-crp-testing-requirements_.html", "title": "PRN 96-2: Changes to Child-Resistant Packaging (CRP) Testing Requirements" } ], "verdict": "corrected", "note": "Original overstated the evidence. Only the age split (25/25/50%) is supported. The 70% female share, the over-90% effectiveness threshold, and the January 21, 1998 compliance date are unsupported.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 19, "claim": "Metal and aerosol containers were exempted from the senior panel and kept the 18 to 45 panel, and commissioners said they would revisit that exemption.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1995/CPSC-Issues-Rule-To-Make-Packaging-Child-Resistant-Easy-To-Open", "title": "CPSC Issues Rule To Make Packaging Child-Resistant, Easy-To-Open" }, { "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1995/CPSC-Votes-To-Make-Packaging-Child-Resistant-And-Easy-To-Open", "title": "CPSC Votes To Make Packaging Child-Resistant And Easy-To-Open" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 20, "claim": "CPSC cited 130,000 emergency-room-treated poisonings in 1994 and 50 poisoning deaths of young children, and estimated over 700 children's lives saved since the Act.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1995/CPSC-Issues-Rule-To-Make-Packaging-Child-Resistant-Easy-To-Open", "title": "CPSC Issues Rule To Make Packaging Child-Resistant, Easy-To-Open" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 21, "claim": "A CDC-led study of 4,496 calls to five US poison centres in 2017 found 'Over half (51.5%) of exposures involving prescription medications involved children accessing medications that had previously been removed from original packaging,' compared with 20.8% for OTC products.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/151693", "title": "CDC Stacks" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10935586/", "title": "Checking your browser" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 22, "claim": "In that study, grandparents' medicines were involved in 30.7% of prescription exposures, and ADHD medicines (49.3%) and opioids (42.6%) were often not in any container when accessed.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10935586/", "title": "Checking your browser" } ], "verdict": "corrected", "note": "Source corrected: the page first cited was read and is about something else; the sources listed state this.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 23, "claim": "CDC authors wrote that 'most pill organizers are not child resistant and can be easily opened by young children.'", "sources": [ { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10919934/", "title": "Checking your browser" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 24, "claim": "CDC epidemiologist Maribeth Lovegrove said: 'Child-resistant caps don't work unless adults use them properly by completely reclosing them immediately after each and every use.'", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.consumerreports.org/drug-safety/protect-kids-from-accidental-drug-overdoses/", "title": "Protect Kids From Accidental Drug Overdoses" }, { "url": "https://finance.yahoo.com/amphtml/news/protect-kids-accidental-drug-overdoses-185603336.html", "title": "Protect Kids From Accidental Drug Overdoses" } ], "verdict": "verified", "note": "Kept on a lower-weight source (consumerreports.org); nothing we found says otherwise.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 25, "claim": "CDC data cited by Consumer Reports found that with a flow restrictor and no safety cap only 6% of children could empty a bottle in a 10-minute test, while 82% emptied a bottle with no restrictor and an improperly locked cap in under 2 minutes.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.consumerreports.org/drug-safety/protect-kids-from-accidental-drug-overdoses/", "title": "Protect Kids From Accidental Drug Overdoses" }, { "url": "https://finance.yahoo.com/amphtml/news/protect-kids-accidental-drug-overdoses-185603336.html", "title": "Protect Kids From Accidental Drug Overdoses" } ], "verdict": "verified", "note": "Kept on a lower-weight source (consumerreports.org); nothing we found says otherwise.", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true }, { "n": 26, "claim": "HRSA's Up and Away campaign says more than 60,000 young children end up in emergency rooms every year from medicine poisonings.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://poisonhelp.hrsa.gov/what-you-can-do/up-away-campaign", "title": "Up and Away Campaign | Poison Help" } ], "verdict": "verified", "quote": false, "usedInEpisode": true } ], "removed": [ { "claim": "Breault teamed up with Peter Hedgewick, president of ITL Industries, to develop the 'Palm N Turn' bottle cap in 1967.", "reason": "Reliable sources disagree about this." }, { "claim": "Ontario made child-proof lids mandatory for medicine bottles in 1974.", "reason": "Only lower-weight sources state this: Wikipedia and 3 more." }, { "claim": "CPSC's 1986 study covered oral prescription-drug ingestions reported to nine poison control centres from February to May 1986, involving 2,015 children.", "reason": "NCBI (NIH) states something different: \"A telephone survey of 1,866 ingestion incidents reported to nine poison control centers was conducted in the spring of 1986.\"." } ], "audioCheck": { "lines": 182, "matched": 182 }, "corrections": [], "verify": { "method": "1.3", "llmMode": "testing", "models": { "summary": "claude-haiku-5-5", "extract": "claude-haiku-5-5", "consolidate": "claude-haiku-5-5", "query": "claude-haiku-5-5", "read": "claude-haiku-5-5", "read_second": "claude-sonnet-5-5", "compare": "claude-haiku-5-5", "classify": "claude-haiku-5-5", "explain": "claude-haiku-5-5", "undash": "claude-haiku-5-5", "correct": "claude-haiku-5-5" }, "preScript": { "jobId": "job_7CZT7KFWVE2YRQJEYQTP", "checkedAt": "2026-10-26T04:51:24.001Z", "counts": { "verified": 22, "corrected": 4, "removed": 3 } }, "episode": { "jobId": "job_0WT3M1K0P28TEY0HGBGD", "checkRef": "chk_1MSFN0W5BY6AXSEM5K0K", "trustPageUrl": null, "checkedAt": "2026-10-26T11:18:08.004Z", "score": 89, "outcome": "verified", "counts": { "verified": 54, "not_verified": 0, "questionable": 12, "unable_to_determine": 12 }, "stability": { "spread": 4, "unstableClaims": 8, "pass": true }, "notVerified": [], "questionable": [ { "k": 5, "claim": "The industry's own summary of the testing rules says the child is told she may use her teeth to open the package.", "reasonText": "Only lower-weight sources state this: childresistant.com and 1 more." }, { "k": 14, "claim": "Cap makers say children under five usually cannot coordinate both hands or perform the steps of a push-and-turn cap in the right order.", "reasonText": "Only lower-weight sources state this: ypcglass.com and 1 more." }, { "k": 20, "claim": "Before the 1970 American law, a doctor in Windsor, Ontario was working on child poisoning prevention.", "reasonText": "Only lower-weight sources state this: child-guard.com and 1 more." }, { "k": 27, "claim": "The Palm N Turn cap is opened by pressing with the palm and turning with the hand.", "reasonText": "Only one source states this: grokipedia.com." }, { "k": 28, "claim": "A medical commentary attributes the design of the new medicine bottle cap to Peter Hedgewick.", "reasonText": "Only one source states this: fresh-lock.com." }, { "k": 34, "claim": "The child-resistance test uses a brand-new package, five minutes, a demonstration, five more minutes, and panels of fifty children, up to two hundred.", "reasonText": "Only one source states this: grokipedia.com." }, { "k": 46, "claim": "The Commission substituted a panel of 100 adults aged 50 to 70 for the panel aged 18 to 45 used in cap testing.", "reasonText": "Reliable sources disagree about this." }, { "k": 51, "claim": "Older adults were not on the test panel before the 1995 change, and older people's medicine was involved in poisonings.", "reasonText": "Sources only partly back this: US Government Publishing Office." }, { "k": 60, "claim": "4,496 callers agreed to take part in the poison centre study.", "reasonText": "Reliable sources disagree about this." }, { "k": 68, "claim": "CDC epidemiologist Maribeth Lovegrove told Consumer Reports that a child-resistant cap only works if the adult closes it completely straight away after each use.", "reasonText": "Only one source states this: consumerreports.org." }, { "k": 72, "claim": "According to Wikipedia, before the 1970 Act about 500 children aged five and under died of poisoning every year.", "reasonText": "Only one source states this: Wikipedia." }, { "k": 73, "claim": "According to the Commission's figures, 130,000 poisonings were treated in emergency rooms in 1994.", "reasonText": "Reliable sources disagree about this." } ] } } }